Korean Connectives and ChatGPT

Lately in my Korean learning, I’ve been getting value out of generative AI to help learn grammar and read passages. I’m not convinced that my method of use is optimal, as I feel there’s a tradeoff to friction here. That is, if it is super easy to look things up when I forget them, I’m less likely to sit with it for a while and really try to force recall to occur, versus if I had to, say, flip through a paper dictionary. Regardless, in studying Korean connectives, ChatGPT gave me this nice table, so I figured I’d have it give me the raw markdown and post it here.

πŸ‡°πŸ‡· Korean Transition Words Study Guide

1. Sequence (Order of Events)

KoreanMeaningExample Sentence
그러고 λ‚˜μ„œafter that책을 μ½μ—ˆμ–΄μš”. 그러고 λ‚˜μ„œ μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό λ΄€μ–΄μš”. (“I read a book, and after that, I watched a movie.”)
그리고and thenλ°₯을 λ¨Ήμ—ˆμ–΄μš”. 그리고 컀피λ₯Ό λ§ˆμ…¨μ–΄μš”. (“I ate, and then drank coffee.”)
그러던 쀑에during that timeκ³΅λΆ€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”. 그러던 쀑에 μ „ν™”κ°€ μ™”μ–΄μš”. (“I was studying when I got a call.”)
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹€κ°€while doing that (then something happened)κ±·κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹€κ°€ λ„˜μ–΄μ‘Œμ–΄μš”. (“I was walking, and then I tripped.”)
그러자as soon as that happened문을 μ—΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”. 그러자 고양이가 λ›°μ–΄λ‚˜μ™”μ–΄μš”. (“He opened the door, and immediately a cat jumped out.”)
ν•œνŽΈmeanwhile, on the other handλ‚˜λŠ” μ§‘μ—μ„œ κ³΅λΆ€ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. ν•œνŽΈ 동생은 μΉœκ΅¬λ“€κ³Ό λ†€μ•˜μ–΄μš”. (“I studied at home. Meanwhile, my younger sibling played with friends.”)
λ¨Όμ €firstλ¨Όμ € 아침을 λ¨Ήμ—ˆμ–΄μš”. (“First, I ate breakfast.”)

2. Cause and Effect

KoreanMeaningExample Sentence
κ·Έλž˜μ„œso, thereforeλΉ„κ°€ μ™”μ–΄μš”. κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°μ‚°μ„ μΌμ–΄μš”. (“It rained, so I used an umbrella.”)
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒso, that’s whyμ§€κΈˆ λ°”λΉ μš”. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ λ‚˜μ€‘μ— μ „ν™”ν•΄ μ£Όμ„Έμš”. (“I’m busy now, so please call me later.”)
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œtherefore (formal)곡뢀λ₯Ό μ—΄μ‹¬νžˆ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ 쒋은 성적을 λ°›μ•˜μ–΄μš”. (“I studied hard. Therefore, I got good grades.”)
λ”°λΌμ„œaccordingly, thus이 λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ–΄λ €μ›Œμš”. λ”°λΌμ„œ μ‹ μ€‘ν•˜κ²Œ μ ‘κ·Όν•΄μ•Ό ν•΄μš”. (“This problem is difficult. Thus, we must approach it carefully.”)
덕뢄에thanks toλ„€ 덕뢄에 잘 ν•΄κ²°ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. (“Thanks to you, I solved it well.”)

3. Contrast (Opposition)

KoreanMeaningExample Sentence
그런데but, however; by the way날씨가 μ’‹μ•˜μ–΄μš”. 그런데 μΆ”μ› μ–΄μš”. (“The weather was nice, but it was cold.”)
κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œbut, however (more formal)μ—΄μ‹¬νžˆ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ μ‹€νŒ¨ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. (“I tried hard. However, I failed.”)
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜but (even more formal)κ·ΈλŠ” μ—΄μ‹¬νžˆ κ³΅λΆ€ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ‹œν—˜μ— λ–¨μ–΄μ‘Œμ–΄μš”. (“He studied hard. However, he failed the exam.”)
λ°˜λ©΄μ—on the other handλ‚˜λŠ” 좕ꡬλ₯Ό μ’‹μ•„ν•΄μš”. λ°˜λ©΄μ— ν˜•μ€ 농ꡬλ₯Ό μ’‹μ•„ν•΄μš”. (“I like soccer. On the other hand, my older brother likes basketball.”)
였히렀rather, instead도와주렀 ν–ˆλŠ”λ° 였히렀 λ°©ν•΄λ§Œ λμ–΄μš”. (“I tried to help, but ended up just getting in the way.”)
λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œconversely, on the contraryλͺ¨λ‘κ°€ λ™μ˜ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ κ·ΈλŠ” λ°˜λŒ€ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. (“Everyone agreed. Conversely, he opposed.”)

4. Addition

KoreanMeaningExample Sentence
κ²Œλ‹€κ°€moreover, besidesν”Όκ³€ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ 머리도 μ•„νŒ μ–΄μš”. (“I was tired. Moreover, I had a headache.”)
λ˜ν•œalso, in addition (formal)κ·ΈλŠ” μΉœμ ˆν•΄μš”. λ˜ν•œ λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•΄μš”. (“He is kind. Also, he is smart.”)
뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌnot only… but alsoκ·ΈλŠ” κ°€μˆ˜μΌ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λ°°μš°μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•΄μš”. (“He is not only a singer but also an actor.”)
λ”κ΅¬λ‚˜moreover, what’s more (stronger)κ·ΈλŠ” ν”Όκ³€ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. λ”κ΅¬λ‚˜ μ•„ν”„κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. (“He was tired. What’s more, he was even sick.”)
심지어even, to the point thatκ·ΈλŠ” 심지어 친ꡬ 생일도 μžŠμ—ˆμ–΄μš”. (“He even forgot his friend’s birthday.”)

5. Examples and Emphasis

KoreanMeaningExample Sentence
예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄for exampleλ§Žμ€ λ‚˜λΌκ°€ μ°Έκ°€ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ ν•œκ΅­κ³Ό 일본이 μ°Έκ°€ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. (“Many countries participated, for example Korea and Japan.”)
즉that is to say, namelyκ·ΈλŠ” 즉 λ‚˜μ˜ μ„ μƒλ‹˜μ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”. (“He was, that is to say, my teacher.”)
λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•΄μ„œin other wordsμ‹œν—˜μ€ μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€. λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•΄μ„œ λ§Žμ€ μ€€λΉ„κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. (“The exam is hard. In other words, a lot of preparation is needed.”)

Happy studying!